The NHS began in 1948 as a result of an act of Parliament in 1946, under the guidance of Aneurin Bevan, then a Minister of the incumbent Labour Government, and in response to the Beveridge Report on The Welfare State of 1942. Most hospitals in the UK had previously been operated as non-profit making concerns. About two-thirds of them had been run by Local Authorities (the bodies also responsible for local Fire Services, Schools, Roads etc), with about one third of them run independently as Voluntary Hospitals. With the NHS act, these were all compulsorily acquired and subsequently administered by the State, and all treatments became universally available at no cost at the point of provision, the whole being centrally funded by taxation. From 1948 onwards all hospital doctors, hospital nurses and all other hospital staff became salaried employees of the State.The NHS was created as one of the pillars of the welfare state, however, it was soon consuming a large proportion of welfare spending; this issue of cost has remained an important factor throughout the history of the NHS. (Lowe, 1993)The original ethos behind the NHS was the belief that, through the provision of universal and complete health care, free at the point of provision, the NHS would eliminate significant disease and thereby work itself out of a job. Clearly a naive view by today's standards, this ethic remains one of the problems of the NHS today: the electorate still believes that there is intrinsic value in a universal and complete NHS, although no-one can agree on exactly what constitutes 'complete' health care, and none can say what the actual benefit of attempting to provide this (rather than rationed care) might be. Another significant problem that the NHS inherited at its inception, and carries forward today, was its infrastructure. Prior to the NHS Act, hospitals had been constructed generally in places where there was sufficient private custom to make them finan...
