ing the Neanderthals were able to move north and better cope with the colder climate. The complexity of the tool kit needed for survival in a cold climate may have played a role in lessening the mobility of the users of all these possessions. "The large number of Mousterian sites uncovered in Europe and Western Asia, as well as clear differences between them, is closely related to Neanderthal's improved hunting techniques, based on superior technology in weapon and tool making and more efficient social organization than before. These, in turn, were closely related to Neanderthal's increased brain size(Haviland 234)."The next major improvement in the development of tools was the Upper Paleolithic. This period began about 30,000 years ago and was characterized by the Cro-Magnon people. The typical tool of this period was the blade, which was a flint flake twice as long as it is wide. The new blade of this time was prepared when a "tool maker formed a cylindrical core, struck the blade off near the edge of the core, and repeated this procedure, going around the core in one direction until finishing near its center (Haviland 253)." Another technique was called pressure flaking. In this technique a bone or other object was used to press rather than strike off small flakes. This period was different from all of the others because of the fact that the change from middle paleolithic to upper paleolithic occurred in a time scale of a millennia instead of several hundred millennia's. The upper paleolithic period had more variety of stone tools and overall had more specialized tools for distinct tasks. Upper Paleolithic tool assemblages include end scrapers, burins (chisel-like stones for working bone and ivory), bone points, ivory beads, tooth necklaces, and abstract animal or human figurines. All these imply a parallel refinement in clothing, shelters, utensils, ornament, medicine, nutrition and ritual practices. By this time, then, ...
