senifs helped overcome class cleavages by bringing together and creating lines of communication and patronage (to paraphrase the words of Denoeux). However, radical Utopian groups such as the Fadaiyan-e Islam were not well understood, structurally speaking. The one aspect that all these groups had in common was to unify Islamic culture against the monarchy in a successful effort. Now, I will continue with an account of the political turmoil in South Africa, and the cultural factors involved.Cultural Factors in South AfricaHistorically, in South Africa, the Afrikaners have asserted control over the African majority through violence and the policy of apartheid. Through economic superiority, they were able to maintain this political superiority, asserting their own as the dominant culture. The Afrikaners excuse for this continuation of inequality was the preservation of their own culture. From the opposition arose many organizational alliances and movements, adopting various ideologies and intent. Some, including the Pan Africanist Congress and the Black Consciousness movement, were exclusively African and were exclusive to the long indigenous African peoples. The Inkatha organization was even more exclusive, being constructed from a distinct Zulu nationalism. Other movements such as the African National Congress and the United Democratic Front were based upon the Freedom Charter which calls for an all-encompassing democratic nation. Due to the varying cultural identities present in South Africa, the Charterists were dominant in overcoming oppression because of their umbrella philosophy. Concluding with the depiction of South African uprest, I will move to cover the situation in the Philippines. Cultural Factors in The PhilippinesThe cultural factors responsible for civil unrest and dissatisfaction in the Philippines stem from socioeconomic inequalities, including the especially poignant issue of agrarian land reform. Cultural et...
