rom chemical to mathematical, because each pixel is represented my a number and stored in the computers memory for easy reading. This process makes the image true and impossible to tell how many duplicates of the image have been made.Once information is in its digital form, it becomes very simple to save, alter, and duplicate. Because each pixel can be enlarged and changed on the computer screen, each piece of the image can be altered at will. Elements can be added or subtracted, changed in color, brightness, or contrast. Areas of the picture can be copied and moved to other areas of the image where other things have been removed, and this can be repeated indefinitely. People can be made fatter or thinner, the color of hair and eyes can be changes, or completely removed from a picture is so desired. When the image is finished, it can be printed or sent via telephone lines or satellite anywhere in the world. Traditional photographs may be altered in four basic ways: in the set up of the model, camera, and lighting before the photograph is taken; in the way the photograph is taken; in the processing of the film; or by the addition or deletion of elements to the processed photograph, followed by retouching the whole image. Portrait photographers are especially adept at setting up the scene and subject so that it will appear in the most flattering light. Light sources such as from a fire; candle, neon tubes, or incandescent bulbs can dramatically alter the way we interpret personalities. Shadows can be filled in or deepened. Angles are carefully chosen, and subjects are positioned so the camera only sees their good side. Subjects can be places in front of any backdrop to convince the viewer of the subjects where about. It has been believed that historical photographs that have been found have been staged because the set up or subjects suggest image manipulation. One famous example is photographs of the Civil War taken in 1863 ...
