Rather than seeing this as illustrative of Philip’s “guile, deceit, and fear” (Stokstad, pg. 277), it may be fairer to interpret the expression as representative of Philip’s cares for the sate and devotion to the people’s desires.Extensive detail shows the creases of Philip’s face and the fine stubble of a beard. This is a sign that the sculptor wanted to show Philip’s individuality, not only physically, but also in his style of leadership. The accurate reflection of Philip’s true exterior image facilitates the realistic depiction of him as ruler.In conclusion, the portrayal of ancient rulers is dependent not only on the style of art popular during the era, but also on the evolution of the political climate. The portrayal of Menkaure, a pharaoh of the Old Kingdom in ancient Egypt, is of complete authority, control and power. His face does not show concern or grief over his people, because he is not challenged politically, the image of control coincides with his sole power over the kingdom. While the depiction of Alexander the Great, in ancient Greek coins is deified. Alexander’s leadership ended with world domination; therefore, his deified portrayal on monetary funds is particularly appropriate. By contrast, Philip the Arab’s portrait sculpture almost resembles a present day photograph with its capture of fleeting expression. This expression of anxiety and sadness is a representation of the political turmoil during the time period of his rule. Taking the progress of ancient cultures into account, how does the art of sculpting improve in the manipulation of the medium used?...
