a until 1935, when the University of Panama was founded. In the mid-1980s, most presecondary schooling took place within the university. Other institutions, such as the School of Nursing and the Superior Center for Bilingual Secretaries, made up for less than 3 percent of enrollment at this educational level. There are Fourteen ports, the most important Balboa (Pacific) and Cristbal (Atlantic) at the entrances to Panama Canal. There were 3 separate, unconnected Railroad systems totalling 238 kilometers. Main line between Panama City and Coln (seventy-six kilometers). Other two in west, originating in David and Almirante, respectively, and continuing across the Costa Rican border. In 1984 about 9,535 kilometers of roadside twined through Panama, 32 percent asphalted. Principal axes are Pan-American Highway, running across Panama from Costa Rica toward Colombia. There are eight main airport fields, including one international airport: General Omar Torrijos International Airport, more commonly known as Tocumen International Airport, near Panama City. The trans-isthmian pipeline completed in 1982. Approximately eighty-one kilometers long, running from Puerto Armuelles to Chiriqu Grande. Panama has a well-developed internal and external communication systems. The government has given some newsoutlets and periodically censored others. During most of the Torrijos era, the press and radio were tightly controlled but, following the ratification of the Panama Canal treaties, a significant degree of press freedom was restored. It was at this time that the most significant opposition paper, La Prensa, was founded. Industrial development has been uneven in Panama. Between 1965 and 1980, industry grew at an average annual rate of 5.9 percent; between 1980 and 1985,that rate was negative 2.2 percent. In 1985 industry accounted for nearly 18 percent of GDP. Within the industrial sector, manufacturing and mining contributed 9.1 percent to GDP, follow...
