an era of bankruptcy and repudiation. His Report on a National Bank, Dec. 13, 1790, advocated a private bank with semipublic functions and was patterned after the Bank of England. His Report on Manufacturers, 1791, itself entitles Hamilton to a position as an epoch economist. It was the first great revolt from Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations (1776). It, in part, argued for a system of moderate protective duties associated with a deliberate policy of promoting national interests. The inspirations from this work became England's official economic policy and remain the primary foundation of the German economic system. His masterly opinion on the implied powers of the Constitution persuaded Washington of the Constitutionality of the bank. Hamilton's views were adopted almost word for word in McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. 316, 4 L.Ed. 579, 4Wheat. 316 (1819). Hamilton sometimes overstepped the limits of his office in interfering with otherdepartments. For instance, serious differences between Jefferson and Hamiltondeveloped in the field of foreign affairs. When the French Revolution turned into waragainst all of Europe, and the French Republic sought to involve the United States,Hamilton advocated strict neutrality, which Washington proclaimed on April 22, 1793.Hamilton defended the proclamation in his "Pacifist" letters and attacked twosucceeding French prime ministers for their interference in American domestic affairs.The United States has retained this policy of neutrality in foreign affairs to this day. Hamilton also became the esteemed leader of one of the two great political parties ofthe time, the Federalists. Once after a political victory achieved through a series ofletters known as the "Camillus essays," (1795-96) Jefferson wrote despairingly aboutHamilton to Madison saying that Hamilton was "really a colossus to ...
