he chain-of-command and the responsibilities of motivating and managing subordinates. It is also important for leaders to understand the history of previous leaders in order to have a better appreciation of leadership.Personality Measures of LeadersAfter having a general understanding of the definition of leadership, and how to prepare a leader, it is time to analyze the different personality measures of leaders. This is an area of high controversy. Many questions have been raised concerning the traits, characteristics, and essential attributes that leaders must possess. Kenneth E. Clark, author of “Measures of Leadership,” describes the psychologists’ interest in leaders’ personalities. Hogan is a psychologist who described a particular set of characteristics that effective leaders possess. He called these personality dimensions the “Big 5.” They are as follows (Clark 51):1. Intelligence – high2. Adjustment – high3. Prudence – high4.A. Ambition – high 4.B. Sociability – variable 5. Likability – very high.When analyzing Hogan’s “Big 5” personality dimensions, it is evident that the followers must like the leader. If the subordinates did not favor the leader, it would cause difficulty for the leader to impress, influence, and motivate them. Without the subordinates’ respect, it is impossible to lead; although some people may argue that leading could be accomplished through the use of force, such as Adolph Hitler or Saddam Hussein. No matter how likely it is that a leadership as such would prevail, it is an immoral and unethical variation on the concept of leadership. Leading by force more often than not tends to have tragic endings for the leaders, and causing bad memories for those surrounding them. Also, Hogan believed that leaders should have high intellectual standards and the ability to adjust to differe...
