rofit oriented and human-concerned organization, and Likert says that all organizations should adopt this system. Clearly, the changes involved may be painful and long-winded, but it is necessary if one is to achieve the maximum rewards for the organization.To convert an organization, four main features of effective management must be put into practice:Features of Effective Management The motivation to work must be fostered by modern principles and techniques, and not by the old system of rewards and threats. Employees must be seen as people who have their own needs, desires and values and their self-worth must be maintained or enhanced. An organization of tightly knit and highly effective work groups must be built up which are committed to achieving the objectives of the organization. Supportive relationships must exist within each work group. These are characterized not by actual support, but by mutual respect. The work groups which form the nuclei of the participative group system, are characterized by the following features: Members are skilled in leadership and membership roles for easy interaction. The group has existed long enough to have developed a well established relaxed working relationship. The members of the group are loyal to it and to each other since they have a high degree of mutual trust. The values and goals of the group are an expression of the values and needs of its members. The members perform a "linking-pin" function and try to keep the goals of the different groups to which they belong in harmony with each other. David C. McClelland: Achievement MotivationOver the years behavioral scientists have observed that some people have an intense need to achieve; others, perhaps the majority, do not seem to be as concerned about achievement. This phenomenon has fascinated David C. McClelland. For over twenty years he and his associates at Har...
