on their status (public, private or voluntary), and the organisation’s raison d’tre: To increase revenue or profit To maintain levels of revenue or profit Or in the case of start-up organisations to begin earning revenue or profit There are, of course, a few exceptions, but the aims above are valid for the majority of individuals and organisations. The point to make about economic aims is, of course, that CPD programmes, which do not take these into account, are liable to be rejected.Calibrating the economic aims axis is not too difficult using measures such as career progression, stability of employment, or finding a new job at a professional level. In the case of organisations, measures of revenue or profitability can be used. This is not to imply that CPD will be the sole cause of improvement in economic circumstances, but merely that economic measures should not be overlooked.4:2Professional Competences If the economic aims axis is relatively easy to calibrate, professional competences are rather harder if only because we are dealing with a vast array of different occupations. Two questions arise here: what occupations are ‘professional’, and what is the best method to define the competences needed? If certain jobs are labeled as professional, others (presumably) are non-professional. A doctor is a professional, possesses higher education, and membership of a professional body, which among other things seeks to validate and control the competences needed to be a doctor. A similar situation exists with the Law Society, with the Institute of Chartered Accountants, and with the engineering institutions (though membership of engineering institutions is voluntary rather than mandatory).We could conclude that professionals are professionals because they are members of professional institutions and they attain this status because of their initial formation, which includes (the equivalent o...