o conceptualise an organisation as a system in a complex and dynamic relationship with its complex and dynamic environment. Changes in one part of the environment - the collapse of a supplier, for example, or the reduction of energy sources will change the nature of the inputs and lead to the need for adjustments in and between the subsystems, either to ensure the same output or to modify the output. The environment consists of other organisations, the outputs of which - whether intentionally or as by-products - constitute the inputs of others. A change in output, such as a new or improved product or service, however, will constitute a change in another organisation's input, leading to a further ripple of adjustments.2:1Benefits Of An Open Systems ApproachAdopting an open system approach to management or organizational development offers a number of benefits; A broader set of strategies polices and plans are developed that take fuller account of the organizations unique situation and its specific requirements in respect of managerial skills and knowledge. An open system view identifies the way management development contributes to overall organizational development and effectiveness. By identifying, analyzing and monitoring the complex network of influences and patterns of relationships in managerial work, development programmes can become more adaptable, flexible, responsive and proactive in the face of organizational change and turbulence. Viewing management development in open systems terms reveals the full extent of its influence on the organization and is likely to lead to more detailed and objective assessment of performance and overall effectiveness.3:0Organisational StructuresThe word organisation has two different meanings in this area of study. An institution or functional group such as a business or a societ...
