d affection, and more punitive care-giving such as yelling, scolding, hitting and spanking. These behaviors have shown to beassociated with poor results including a lower IQ, and emotional and behavioral problems. “Arecent report from the multi-site Infant Health and Development Program showed that harshparental discipline in the context of low maternal warmth, was associated with IQ scores for girlsat three years of age 12 points lower than the IQ scores of girls who received low punishment andhigh warmth.” Young mothers who have great stress in their mother-child relationship havefound it more difficult to make use of job opportunity and basic skills programs. In regards oftheir strength in the relationship between quality of parenting, and socioeconomic status ismoderate.When parenting is based on the assertion of power instead of supportive guidance, itbreeds the development of behavioral disorders. In a study conducted by NICHD Early ChildCare Research Network, the ratings of mothers’ sensitivity - positive regard, non-intrusiveness,sensitivity to non-distress expression, based on videotaped observations of mother-childinteraction at 6-15months showed non-complaint behavior in the laboratory, as well as in thehome at two and three years. When parents make “do demands” such as “come and eat,” “sitdown,” and “get dressed” to two and three year olds, instead of “don’t demands” “don’t get lost,”“don’t stay up too late,” as well as using positive affects, the children’s level of compliance isenhanced.Another psychiatric problem that can be connected with social inequalities in earlychildhood development is substance abuse. Evidence shows that there is no simple relationshipbetween prenatal drug exposure and specific developmental outcomes. But the combination ofbiological and psycho-social risk factors that are r...
