and evening. The time-of-day preferences of Mexican-Americans are less clear. Studies have found that Caucasians preferred drinking or eating snacks while learning significantly more than did Mexican- Americans. Studies also reported that Latinos' strongest perceptual strength was kinesthetic. Both Caucasians and African-American were significantly more auditory and visual than Mexican-Americans. The studies indicated that Caucasian students exhibited a higher need for mobility than did Mexican-American students. Contrary to the findings for the U.S. general population, Mexican-American females had a significantly higher need for mobility than their male counterparts.Psychological learning style elements relate to global versus analytical processing. The construct of field dependence/independence is a component of this learning style. Field dependent individuals are more group-oriented and cooperative and less competitive than field independent individuals. Research generally has indicated that Mexican- American and other minority students are more field dependent than nonminority students. Studies have found that Hispanic middle and secondary school students were more field dependent than Anglo students; Hispanic female (and African-American male) students had a greater internal focus of control than other groups; and Hispanic male (and African-American female) students had a greater external focus of control than other groups. In closing, an expanding body of research affirms that teaching and counseling students with interventions that are in cooperation with the students' learning-style preferences result in their increased academic achievement and more positive attitudes toward learning....
