97). Another type of research was culminated in Eric Hanushek's 1989 study, which analyzed results of 187 production studies published during the previous 20 years. Using a simple vote-counting method to compare data, Hanushek found no systematic, positive relationship between student achievement and seven inputs. Hanushek's findings have been challenged by recent studies using more sophisticated research techniques. When Larry Hedges (1994) and associates reanalyzed Hanushek's syntheses using meta-analysis, they discovered that a $500 (roughly 10 percent) increase in average spending per pupil would significantly increase student achievement. Likewise, Faith Crampton's comprehensive analysis (1995) of inputs affecting achievement in New York State schools found that expenditures seemed to matter when they bought smaller classes and more experienced, highly educated teachers. Some educational productivity measurements are as follows: The first one is based on the economic production function that is used to measure the contribution of individual inputs to the output of some product. This function is:O = f(K,L)Where: O = some measurable output K= capital or non labor inputs to the production process L = laborBased on this equation, an education production function was developed. It is as follows: P = f(R,S,D)WhereP = a measure of student performance R = a measure of resources available to students in the school or district. S = a vector of student characteristics. D = a vector of district and school characteristics. (Odden, p. 290)Although these equations serves as valid equations, there are still many difficulities with these functions. In economic terminology, the effort is to find a production function - a mathematical expression of the rela...
