oduced six schools in Europe designed for the specific study of Oriental languages (Encyclopdia Britannica, 1993). Literature appeared after the Crusades in great abundance. Some examples are Nathan der Weise by Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Carmen Ambrosii and Chanson d'Antioche (Riley-Smith, 1995). The Crusades also brought new light upon old matters. Many old tales were redone with the spirit of crusading infused in them. The contact that occurred during the Crusades had many positive effects, and the fine literature produced was just one of them (Encyclopdia Britannica, 1993). From the Arabs, the Europeans obtained many new ideas and possessions. Merchants traded food stuffs and goods like sugar, maize, lemons, melons, cotton, muslin and damask between themselves. The colors azure and gules came from the Arabian people, and the Europeans added many Arabian words to the language of English (Encyclopdia Britannica, 1993). The Europeans worked with the Arabs on many scientific accomplishments, such as the windmill, the compass, gunpowder and clocks. The East and West combined their greatest minds and worked on science and mathematics (Child, 1994). Together, the Muslims and Christians helped each other, and, together, they benefited from the contact that occurred during the Crusades. Bibliography scienceThe emergence of systems thinking was a profound revolution in the history of Western scientific thought . The belief that in every complex system the behavior of the whole can be understood entirely from the properties of its parts is central to the Cartesian paradigm. This was Descartes's celebrated method of analytic thinking, which has been an essential characteristic of modern scientific thought. In the analytic, or reductionist, approach, the parts themselves cannot be analyzed any further, except by reducing them to still smaller parts . Indeed, Western science has been progressing in that way, and at each step there has been a level...
