cestor, just as Jack follows his British predecessor Grady in a repeating cycle of violence. In a striking revelation of this theme, the European poster for The Shining read: "The wave of terror which swept across America is here." The poster did not refer to the movie's effect on American audiences because the film had not yet been released; rather, the "wave of terror which swept across America" referred to the society of the white man.The Shining comments on racism towards African Americans as well as Native Americans. Kubrick links Chef Hallorann (the "nigger cook") with Native Americans early in the film when Hallorann shows Wendy and Danny around the hotel. In one shot, Hallorann stands in profile at the same angle as the Indian Chief on a Calumet baking powder can that prominently sits on the shelf behind him. (The Calumet can later reappears when Jack agrees to kill his family while he is locked up in the food storage.) Hallorann is the only important minority character in the film-and also the only character who is murdered. After Jack buries an ax deep within his chest, Hallorann falls to the floor in the center of a Native American design. Hallorann's death is an interesting departure from King's novel, in which Hallorann survives and becomes Danny's psychic mentor. As with past adaptations, Kubrick used the general setting and some elements of King's novel, while drastically altering, ignoring, or adding other elements to create a film that reflects a pervasive problem which Kubrick has explored at least since Paths of Glory (1957): the inhumanity of man against man. The Shining opens to the sounds of "Dies Irae" ("Day of Wrath"), part of the major funeral mass of the European Roman Catholic Church. 6 And, in a way, The Shining is a funeral-for all those who have been massacred by meaningless violence from their fellow humans.In a final stroke of brilliance, Kubrick ends the film with a shot evocative of Michael Snow's Wavel...
