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Back to Subjects - Geography

Inda

Inda I. Introduction India, country in southern Asia, south of Afghanistan and east of Pakistan. Including the portion of Jammu and Kashmir administered by India but disputed by Pakistan, India has an area of 1,222,243 sq miles . The capital is New Delhi , and the largest city is Mumbai (formerly Bombay). II. Land and Resources India may be divided into four main regions. The Himalayas, the highest mountain system in the world, lie along India's northern and eastern margins. (This region includes Jammu and Kashmir, a territory disputed between India, Pakistan, and China. India controls most of the territory, but China has occupied the northeastern part of the state since 1962. Pakistan occupies the northwest portion of the territory.) South of them is the northern river-plains region, a belt of lowlands watered by the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra rivers. Further south is the Deccan, a plateau occupying most of peninsular India, with low mountain ranges and deep valleys. The final region consists of the Eastern and Western Ghats, mountain ranges that lie on the east and west, respectively, of the Deccan Plateau. Most of India has a tropical climate. Seasonal variations, resulting from the southwestern and northeastern monsoons, influence temperature, humidity, and precipitation. The seasons are classified as rainy and dry. In addition to extensive cultivable land and valuable stands of timber, India has many mineral deposits. The plant life varies from sparse in the arid areas bordering Pakistan to luxuriant in the southeastern part of the plains region. Arctic plants grow at high elevations, and the lower elevations support subtropical plant life and are densely forested. India has a wide variety of animal life, from many types of large cats such as tigers, to elephants and rhinoceroses, and several species of apes, antelope, and deer. III. Population The exact origins of most Indian people are impossible to determine because of the large variety of races and cultures that have been assimilated into the subcontinent. India ranks as the second most populous country in the world, trailing only China, with a population of about 966,783,171, some 73 percent of whom live in rural areas. The northern plains region is the most fertile and densely populated area. Hindus are India's largest religious group. More than 1600 languages or dialects are spoken in India, and India's official language is Hindi. Since gaining its independence from Great Britain in 1947, India has sought to develop a modern, comprehensive school system. Indian culture is primarily Hindu-oriented. Many Hindu institutions, including the rigid caste system, still have wide-ranging effects on Indian society. Sanskrit, the ancient language of Hindu scriptures, was also used for the core of classical Indian literature. The bulk of early classical painting and sculpture also belongs to the mainstream of Hindu tradition, while Islam provided renowned architectural traditions. IV. Economy India supports a mixed economy, most of which is generally in the control of private enterprise. Since 1951 the country has had a generally steady rate of economic growth. Agriculture is a significant sector of the economy. India's leading crop is rice, a staple foodstuff for many Indians, followed by wheat, sugarcane, tea, cotton, jute, cashews, coffee, and spices. The raising of livestock is also important, primarily for use as beasts of burden, or for wool or dairy products. India ranks among the world leaders in the production of many of its mineral and precious metal resources. Textile production is the leading manufacturing industry of India. Other important sectors of manufacturing include processing of agricultural products and steel products. The rupee is India's basic monetary unit (35.43 rupees equal U.S.$1; 1996). V. Government India is a union of 25 states and 7 centrally administered territories. The chief executive and head of state is a president, but actual executive power resides in a council of ministers, or cabinet, headed by a prime minister. The president appoints the prime minister. The cabinet is responsible to a parliament, which is composed of the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and the Lok Sabha (House of the People). Bibliography:

Word Count: 671