Data Bases • Custom Term Papers • Free Term Papers • Free Research Papers • Free Essays • Free Book Reports • Plagiarism? Links • Top 100 Term Paper Sites • Top 25 Essay Sites • Top 50 Essay Sites • Search 97,000 Papers @ DirectEssays.com • Search 101,000 Papers @ ExampleEssays.com • Search 90,000 Papers @ MegaEssays.com Free Essays • Term Paper Sites • Chuck III's Free Essays • Free College Essays • TermPaperSites.com • My Term Papers • Get Free Essays • Essay World • Planet Papers	Search Lots of Essays Back to Subjects - Government & Politics Richard Milhouse Nixon Richard Milhouse Nixon Richard Milhous Nixon was born to Frank and Hannah Nixon on January 9, 1913. He was the second eldest son of five sons and was born and raised in Yorba Linda, California. His father worked as a jack of all trades until buying a family operated store where Richard worked as a child. Hannah Nixon taught Richard to read young, and by age five he was solidly progressing in the three R’s. Throughout school Richard was always among the top of his class and upon graduation from Whittier High School he was offered financial scholarships to both Yale and Harvard. The scholarships covered tuition only and Richard was forced to decline them because he would be unable to afford the cost of living while away at school. Instead he attended Whittier College in 1930 and was either President of Vice President of his class three of the four years he was in school. He then was awarded another scholarship to Duke Law School in 1934. In 1937 he graduated form Duke and moved back to California. Three years later he married Patricia Ryan on June 24,1940. Richard started working for the Office of Public Administration in January 1942. Here he helped to fight the threats of inflation and consumer shortages that were then being caused by the war. In August of 1942, Nixon joined the Navy. As a lieutenant, he was stationed in Iowa as a communications officer, even though Iowa was no where near the war. Later he was moved to New Zealand and took part in the invasion of Green Island. He was in the Navy for three and a half years. He then worked for the Pentagon before running for Congress. On November 6, 1950 Nixon won a seat in the Senate. From 1953 to 1960 Nixon served as our Vice President with Dwight D. Eisenhower as President. In 1960 Nixon ran for President against John Kennedy. Nixon lost the election. He then decided to run for Governor of California, an election he also lost. Richard Nixon spent the next five years of his life in “political wilderness.” However he captured the Republican nomination for President in 1968. Lyndon B. Johnson the current President announced his withdraw from re-election, and Richard Nixon became the 35th President of the United States. He ran and won again in 1972 and then resigned on August 8,1974 because of the Watergate Scandal. One of Nixon’s best plans for reforming the welfare program was his Family Assistance Program (FAP). Under this program the federal government was to recognize a responsibility for meeting the welfare program on the national scale. Mr. Nixon originally proposed that a family of four should receive $1,600 dollars a year in 1969. Then in 1971 he raised the allowance up to $2,400 dollars a year. The Work Incentive Program (WIN) of 1971 was to provide incentives and allowances to the working poor and help bring their income level up to the federal level. The working recipients would be able to earn additional income without reducing their welfare allowance. Job training and day care facilities were to be greatly expanded (HOFF, 131-133). States were expected to supplement this amount and all able-bodied heads of recipient families were to “accept work or training.” Exception would be made to mothers with pre-school aged children. If a parent refused to work or receive job training then only the parent’s payment would be withheld. FAP was to guarantee children with an annual income. It would also triple the number of children that were then being aided by AFDC (VOORHIS, 220-224). This bill failed in Congress in 1969. It was expected to pass the Senate when it was resubmitted in 1972. Then Nixon proposed to hold off on it for a year. The bill eventually died in the Senate due to Nixon’s resignation (AITKEN, 412). Some obje3ctives to this proposal called for a higher allowance of $7,000 dollars, which was declared as the minimum amount of income a family of four could live on decently by the Labor Department (HOFF, 134). Block grants also began under Nixon’s term. In 1972, the State and Local Fiscal Assistance Act set up a program for matching federal and state funds through revenue sharing. This distributed $83 billion to state and local governments between 1972 and 1986. $16 billion dollars was distributed under Nixon’s budget for 1973-1975. Block grants were created to get rid of “categorical grants” that had originated during the New Deal. No applications needed reviewing and recipients could use the money to their own discretion of priorities (GREENE, 311-313). Congress approved three new block grants during Nixon’s administration. The Comprehensive Employment and Training Act, which provided job training and public service employment to recipients, and a Community Development Block Grant. Title XX of the Social Security Act was also formed containing the Revenue Sharing Act. Under this act, the states received the block grants on the basis of population with state matching required (DAY, 351). Each state receiving funds had to have at least one of the following goals: - Reduce the dependency of the clients and help them to gain economic dependence. - Prevent or remedy neglect, exploitation of children and adults, unable to protect their own interests, including the preservation, reuniting, or rehabilitation of family systems. - Provide for the least intrusive care, either community based or home care. - Secure institutional care when other kinds of care are inappropriate and provide services to those so placed (DAY,351) -NEW FEDERALISM- a term given by Ronald Reagan to Nixon’s dismantling of existing Great Society programs and instead giving federal control programs over to the states (DAY). -GREAT SOCIETY- defined by President Johnson as “One that assured an adequate quality of life for the less fortunate.” Public programs by the government which were aimed at improving the lives of the underprivileged. During Johnson’s administration over 209 grant in aid programs were created in Congress (DRESANG, 52). FOOD STAMP PROGRAMS- provided funds for child nutrition and rent subsidies for most AFDC recipients (GREENE, 312). WAR ON POVERTY- programs created under Johnson’s administration under which federal funds were used to encourage the formation of community groups to help battle overwhelming poverty (HOFF, 204). POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE (PAC)- created after the Watergate scandal that involved President Nixon. They identified groups making contributions to political campaigns and monitor the amount of contributions and how the funds are spent (VOORHIS, 105). WATERGATE- A political scandal that came out in 1974 involving President Nixon. It dealt with the misappropriation of funds and campaign spying which forced Nixon to resign (AITKEN, 268). AID TO FAMILIES WITH DEPENDENT CHILDREN- (AFDC) a government program started in 1935 as part of the Social Security Act that provides matching grant in aid to the states in order to provide cash assistance to needy families with dependent children. The program was jointly administered between the federal government and the state governments (DRESANG). SUPPLEMENTAL SECURITY INCOME- (1972) transferred all adult public assistance programs to social insurance including Old Age Assistance, Aid to the Blind, Aid to the Permanently and Totally Disabled under the OASDI programs which helped to create SSI (DAY). GENERAL REVENUE SHARING- introduced by Nixon; the federal government provided funds to states with “no strings attached,” based on an allocation formula including population, relative income, urbanization, and tax effort. It no longer exists today (GREENE, 312). OLAD AGE SURVIVORS DISABILITY AND HELATH INSURANCE- (OASDHI) Social Security benefits which are available to insured workers at age 65, dependent spouses are eligible at age 62, and dependant children under the age of 18 are also eligible to receive funds if a worker dies, is disabled, or retired (MORALES, 110). Bibliography: BIBLIOGRAPHY Aitken, Jonathan, Nixon: A Life, 1993 Dresang and Gosling, Politics and Policies in American States and Communities, 1996. Greene, John Robert, The Limits of Power, 1992. Hoff, Joan, Nixon Reconsidered, 1994. Morales and Scheaffor, Social Work: A Profession of Many Faces. Voorhis, Jerry, The Strange Case of Richard Milhous Nixon, 1972. Word Count: 1282
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