ng cancer with ten years-recent evidence suggests the risk of developing infiltrating cancer greatly reduced with hormone treatment Ductal carcinoma in situmust be treated with surgery. Two procedures: total mastectomy without removal of armpit nodes or a lumpectomya total mastectomy eliminates the chances of recurrence but a lumpectomy leaves a one percent chance per year of recurrence .*****VERIFY*****of those having a recurrence, half will have an in situ recurrence and be treatable with a total mastectomy, while the other half will have an infiltrating recurrence, and some of these will die. Thus opting for a lumpectomy poses a very small, though potentially grave, risk.-Nevertheless, over the past five years a lumpectomy has become the treatment of choice for most surgeons when dealing with small tumors.-However, a mastectomy is usually done in the following cases: a large tumor, a spread out tumor, multiple tumors, and tumors involving the central ducts near the nippleWhen a mastectomy is not done, radiation therapy is effective in reducing the risk of a recurrence.Stage 1 and 2 cancers are small infiltrating cancers which can usually be treated with a lumpectomy, armpit lymph node removal, and radiation therapy.A mastectomy for stage 1 and 2 cancers is advised in the following cases.-multiple tumors-multiple areas of microcalcification-a large tumor in a small breast-a tumor in or near the center of the breast-if there is extensive armpit lymph node involvementstage 3 cancers are treated first with chemotherapy followed by surgery, usually a modified radical mastectomy.Stage 4 cancers are treated primarily with chemotherapy. Surgery or radiation therapy can sometimes be used to help combat local tumors.Breast cancer in pregnant women is treated as follows.-with a mastectomy if the woman is in the second or third trimester or later-if breast cancer develops in the first trimester the woman usually aborts the baby and seeks the mo...
