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Workers were brought together under one roof and were supplied machines. The Industrial Revolution began throughout the world relatively during the same time period, and although it had its beginning in remote times, it is still continuing in some places. By the eighteenth century all of Western Europe had begun to industrialize rapidly, but in England the process was faster than in other parts of the world. This may be attributed to a number of factors:  large deposits of coal were still available for industrial fuel.  abundant labor supply to mine coal and iron, man the factories.  Fleet remained from old commercial empire  Ability to furnish raw materials (through colonies)  industrial development not interrupted by war Soon all Western Europe was more or less industrialized, and the coming of electricity and cheap steel after 1850 further speeded the process. (Rempel) The countryside was transformed between 1760 and 1830 from the open-field system of cultivation to make way for compact farms and enclosed fields (pay flat tax on land, must be surveyed and fenced in). Until the Industrial Revolution, most of the world's population was rural. At the beginning of the nineteenth century there were scarcely two dozen cities in Europe with a population of 100,000, but by 1900 there were more than 150 cities of this size. Those great cities had the following factors in common: 2.) Urban Centers for marketing finished goods In the 1920’s, Germany was supplied with electricity. By 1936, Great Britain had electric power to the entire city. Russia also experienced rapid industrialization with the development of electricity. There were many people who made excellent discoveries during the Industrial Revolution: Jethro Tull (1674-1741) taught the importance of root crops. His most famous inventions were the seed drill (allowed for better germination of the seeds by planting underground – away from animals and weather) and the horse hoe. Lord Townshend also was involved with root crops. ''Turnip'' Townshend was famous for his cultivation of turnips and clover on his estate of Raynham in Norfolk. He introduced the four-course rotation of crops, which became one of the most popular and useful inventions of all time (wheat, turnips, oats or barley, clover) Robert Bakewell (1725-1795) pioneered systematic stock breeding. Sheep had always been valued for wool and cattle for strength. Bakewell selected animals, inbred them, kept elaborate records and maintained his stock carefully all to establish food quality animals. Matthew Boulton built a factory, which employed more than six hundred workers, and installed a steam engine to supplement power from two large waterwheels that ran a variety of lathes and polishing and grinding machines. Josiah Wedgewood (1730-1795) In Staffordshire an industry developed which gave the world good cheap pottery. Wedgewood was one of those who revolutionized the production and sale of pottery. From 1700 on, the Staffordshire potters used waterwheels or windmills to turn machines that ground and mixed their materials. After 1850 machinery was used extensively in the pottery-making process. The price of crockery fell, and eating and drinking consequently became more hygienic. John Kay. In 1733 he invented a flying shuttle. This allowed for the textile industry and their special problems. It took four spinners to keep up with one cotton loom, and ten persons to prepare yarn for one woolen weaver. Spinners were busy, but weavers often had to be idle for lack of yarn. This allowed weaving to be done more quickly. Richard Arkwright's ''water frame'' was producing yarn in 1771. About the same time, James Hargreaves patented a spinning jenny on which one operator could spin many threads simultaneously. Then in 1779 Samuel Crompton combined the jenny and the water frame in a machine known as ''Crompton's mule,'' which produced quantities of fine, strong yarn. The yarn famine had come to an end. Alexander Graham Bell, in 1876, transmitted the human voice over a wire, although it was several decades before the telephone became popular The development of alternative methods of transportation played a large role in the Industrial Revolution. From 1844 to 1847 is known as the “big railroad boom” in Great Britain. Railways linked communities and affected political and economic integration. Growth of the automobile industry created opportunities for investment, and produced new employment. Civilian airlines were also developed along with the steamship. The steamship was interesting because it was bulky and not efficient, however, after many years of redesigning, it was able to be utilized due to the fact that a steamship would not be lost in a storm and could arrive and depart on its own. So, how did all of the changes affect the people living during the Industrial Revolution? It caused increases in population and urbanization, as well as the development of new social classes. The Industrial Revolution created a new working class. The new class of industrial workers included all the men, women, and children working in the textile mills, pottery works, and mines. Typically, wages were low, hours were long, and working conditions unpleasant and dangerous. Wages finally reached a point where they were more than the products and people began to have money left over after the necessities were taken care of. Bibliography: Word Count: 933
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