er were in supervisory positions. D. Managing the Flow of Labor E. Keeping America Pure – Historically, Congress has passed immigration laws to control ideas and to protect the hegemony of the white race. The McCarran-Walter Act, which reflected this ideology, provided the mechanism for political control of naturalized citizens and laid the foundation for a police state. It was passed in 1952 over President Truman’s veto. He protested that it created a group of second-class citizens by distinguishing between native and naturalized citizens. This act also intimidated Mexican trade unionists. F. Against All Odds: Continued Labor StrugglesG. Politics of the G.I. Generation – The GI bill encouraged the suburbanization of the Chicano middle class. However there was much racism and indifference. Veterans often became frustrated by the Veterans Administration because they did not receive their benefits on time. H. Post-World War 11 Human Rights Struggles – The struggle for civil and human rights was intense during this period. The defacto exclusion of Mexicans from public facilities, schools, trade unions, juries, and voting as common in many section of the country. The Mendez v. Westminster School District declared the segregation of Mexican children unconstitutional. I. Bulldozers in the Barrios – During the 1950’s urban removal menaced Mexicanos. By 1963, 609,000 people nationally had been uprooted as a consequence of urban renewal, two-thirds of who were minority group members. For Chicanos, Los Angeles was the proto-type, but other cities mirrored its experiences. 9 Goodbye America: The Chicano in the 1960sA. A Profile: San Antonio Chicanos, 1960-1965 – During the first half of the 1950’s, a decade of rapid change, the struggle for civil rights led to public recognition of poverty and forced the Kennedy and Johnson administrations to sponsor programs intended to mollify the ...
