hem, integrating them into their culture. This made them much easier to control,because they felt like they belonged to Rome. This is what Cicero had to say about it:"Every citizen of a corporate town [one annexed by Rome] has, I take it, two fatherlands,that of which he is a native, and that of which he is a citizen. I will never deny myallegiance to my native town, only I will never forget that Rome is my greater fatherland,and that my native town is but a portion of Rome." (Nardo 31) The Senators of Rome alsofelt great loyalty towards the city. In 390 BC, raiders from Gaul invaded the city. Some ofthe Senators stayed in the city. Livy tells what happened: "[The Senators sat]...withoutfear or concern.... The Gauls, for a great while, stood wondering at the strangeness of thesight, not daring to approach of touch them, taking them for an assembly of superiorbeings. But then one [Gaul], bolder than the rest, drew near to one elderly senator, and...gently stroked [the Senator's] chin and touched his long beard; the Senator with his staffstruck him a severe blow on the head; upon which the barbarian drew his sword and slewhim. This was the introduction to the slaughter." (Nardo 32) The Romans didn't lookkindly upon failures. After the consul Varro lost fifty thousand soldiers in battle withHannibal's army, he was ejected from office. According to Nardo, the only reason hewasn't executed was that he fought along side the army, and didn't desert (45). In thePunic wars against Carthage, Rome had to develop naval technology. After Carthage wasdefeated, Roman merchants adopted ships to do their trading, making them more andmore wealthy. Eventually, these wealthy merchants formed a new class, called the'equestrian order'. This new class competed with the patricians for power in thegovernment. The citizens began splitting into two parties. The Imperialists, led by GeneralScipio Africanus, wanted to continue expanding eastward. The Conservatives,...
