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negroe leagues

negroe leagues Running head: THE RISE AND FALL OF THE NEGRO BASEBALL LEAGUE The Rise and fall of the Negro Baseball League: Literature Review For the better part of the 20th century, African American baseball players played under unequal opportunity. On one side of the field, European descendants were given a license to play this children's game for money and national fame. While on the other side of the field, African slave descendants were also given a license to play - as long as they didn't encroach upon the leagues of the Caucasians. What was left over for African American player in terms of riches was meager at best. Though the fortune wasn't there, the love and fame within the African American communities made the players of the Negro Baseball League legends. I chose to explore the Negro Baseball League to form an understanding of how the league was formed, the league's economic and social impact on the African American communities, and on the United States of America. In this paper, I will explore this tremendous impact that has forever changed the American culture, views and attitudes. This exploration will consist of reviewing different documented sources from players, fans and historians. Through these documented resources, I will also research was caused the gradual decline and eventual fall of the Negro Baseball League. Pattern: What led to the development of Negro League Baseball. Theme: Discrimination within professional sports. As in all areas of social culture, African Americans denied of a shared walk through baseball history with whites turned to making their own history on the playing diamond of an ever-changing America. " African Americans recognized that they had the talent to throw and catch round horsehide objects almost as soon as the English game of Cricket mutated into baseball (Ribowsky, 1995). During the fledgling years of baseball, more than 70 blacks were playing alongside the whites. However, after many unfortunate incidents, blacks were silently banned from playing major league baseball. In a racially segregated America that dictated a separate game for white and black fans, there necessarily developed two distinct baseball cultures. During this separation, baseball was not complete. The majority of Americans rode with the flow of the mainstream, following its course intently, with only an occasional excursion to see the flow of the parallel stream. "Thus, for a half-century, white Americans sat watching major league baseball, only vaguely aware of the shadowy world of black baseball that existed beyond the scope of their vision"(Riley, J. 1996). To most white baseball observers, black ballplayers were as unreal as the shadows on Plato's wall. In this world of reflected images there existed exceptionally talented players whose ability was unsurpassed anywhere. African Americans continued to play baseball by forming their own teams. All the teams "barnstormed", or traveled around, to find competition. At this time, there was no formal league to organize these teams. It was during the "barnstorming" era that the term, shadowball, came into being. During this time, the New York Lincoln Giants warmed up by playing something called shadowball. This activity had all the players pretending that they were hitting or pitching a ball. This act, before the games, really amused the crowds. In 1920, a former pitcher, Andrew "Rube" Foster, formed the first black league, called the Negro National League. Three years later, Ed Bolden formed the Eastern Colored League that rivaled Foster's league. The two leagues operated successfully for many years before falling victim to financial difficulties. Eventually, two new leagues were organized. A new Negro National League was formed in 1933 and the Negro American League was born in 1937. The champions of both leagues then played in a World Series to decide the real champion. A Negro All-Star game was also played which attracted an unbelievable number of fans. In fact, these two leagues attracted huge crowds, sometimes bigger than their major league counterparts. Though Negro League Baseball became extremely popular, the leagues players still faced the same type of cultural discriminations. "The colored ball player has suffered great convenience, many times, while traveling. Most hotels were commonly reported to be filled from the basement to the cellar when they'd strike a town. It was a common occurrence for them to arrive in a city late at night and walk around for several hours before getting a place to lodge" (White, 1995). Pattern: How The Negro League put money in the African American Communities. Theme: Pre-Negro League economic impact vs. Post-Negro League economic impact. Bibliography: Y. Gertner, Y. Ishai, E. Kushilevitz, and T. Malkin. Protecting data privacy in private information retrieval schemes. In Proceedings of the 30th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing (STOC-98), pages 151--160, New York, May 23--26 1998. ACM Press. M. Ito, A. Saito, and T. Nishizeki. Secret sharing scheme realizing general access structure. In Proceedings of the IEEE Global Communication Conference (GLOBALCOM'87), pages 99--102, Tokyo, Japan, November 1987.

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