d avoided taking lives at all costs (Mandela xi). According to one source the ANC saw, "passive resistance was the only way to combat the heavily armed, violent state" (Benson 43). By his involvement in these organizations one can easily see the efforts of a beginning nationalist in Mandela. By 1952 Mandela's respect as a nationalist led to him being named the leader of the ANC's Defiance Campaign (xi). The Defiance Campaign stressed the type of non-violent resistance, which was the foundation of the ANC. Although the movement was passive, the masses were involved, and Mandela alludes in his autobiography when he writes, "Doctors, factory workers, lawyers, teachers, students, ministers, defied the law and went to jail" (115). The role of the masses in this nationalist movement headed by Mandela was also obvious in the fact that 8,500 people went to jail during this campaign (115). The fact that Mandela led this grass roots campaign to gain more freedom for his people, serves as an excellent example of Mandela's nationalist tactics.After the Defiance Campaign, and incident occurred on March 21, 1960 that would shape many of the nationalist tactics Mandela would use up until the time he was sent to prison. On this day, a group of blacks were peacefully protesting anti-pass laws in a region known as Sharpeville (Mandela xii). In response to the demonstration, South African officials fired on the protestors, and, in fact, killing many of the people (xii). The incident was labeled the Sharpeville Massacre, and because of it the National party called for a state of emergency, in which the ANC was banned (xii). With the banning of the ANC Mandela's and the other members of the ANC were forced to take their efforts underground (xii). The banning of the ANC, led to new nationalist philosophies within the group. These new philosophies are evident in a quote from Mandela, when he says, "When some of us discussed this in May and June of...
