business executives. Much of Japan's economic success is attributable to the coordination of its economic espionage through the Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO), with offices in 59 countries, and the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI). John D. Shea, president of Technology Analysis Group, Incorporated, of San Jose, puts it this way, "It's very similar to the way the CIA is set up.... The Japanese have people gathering data and sending it back to a central clearing operation run by MITI and JETRO" (Schweizer, 1993, 80-84). Intelligence gathering at MITI is conducted by a variety of sections, such as the General Affairs sections of the Secretariat of the International Trade Policy Bureau, which is responsible for foreign trade policies and procedures and works with affected companies when collecting intelligence. More than a hundred Japanese companies ... paid up to $100,000 a year in 1990 for annual membership in ILPs [industrial liaison programs] that provided members with pre-published papers, ready access to university laboratories, a chance to acquire exclusive rights to patents held by the university, and help in overcoming technological problems in developing their products (Tolchin and Tolchin, 1992, 220). In the laboratories of such American universities as Stanford for instance, Japanese corporations have endowed six permanent chairs and one visiting professorship, ...
