against the head) may show abnormal fluid accumulation in various areas of the head.*A head CT scan indicates if hydrocephalus is present (best test).*A lumbar puncture (spinal tap) and examination of the CSF may be performed (rarely)*Skull X-rays show thinning and/or separation of skull bones and enlargement of the skull*A brain scan using radioisotopes may show abnormalities of the fluid pathway.*An arteriography of brain blood vessels may show vascular causes of hydrocephalus.*An echoencephalogram, a form of ultrasound of the brain, may show dilation of the ventricles caused by hydrocephalus or intraventricular bleedingThis disease may also alter the results of a RHISA scan.TreatmentThe goal of treatment is to minimize or prevent brain damage by improving CSF flow.Surgical interventions are the primary treatment of hydrocephalus. This includes direct removal of the obstruction, if possible. Surgical placement of a shunt within the brain may allow CSF to bypass the obstructed area if the obstruction cannot be removed. Shunting of CSF to an area outside of the brain (such as to the right atrium of the heart or to the abdominal peritoneum) is an alternative to shunting within the brain. Surgical cautery or removal of the parts of the ventricles that produce CSF may (theoretically) reduce CSF production.Antibiotics are used aggressively at any sign of infection. Severe infections may necessitate removal of a shunt.Follow-up examinations should continue throughout the child's life to evaluate the child's developmental level and to treat any intellectual, neurologic, or physical impairments. Public health/visiting nurses, social services, support groups, and local agencies provide emotional support and assist with the care of the child with hydrocephalus.Complications*shunt dysfunction (kinking, obstruction, separation of tubing, or similar problems)*infection*meningitis*encephalitis*infection of the area to which CSF is shunted*intellect...
