rong time or place cancer will begin to develop.2)Tumor Suppressor- gene fails to perform its normal function to suppress tumor formation. a.Example Brca 1 Brca 2 3)Carcinogens- Direct carcinogens such as gasoline or direct exposure to ultraviolet light.4)Procarcinogens- safe outside the body, but metabolized into carcinogens inside the body. a.Example: cigarette tar 5)Promotor- Agents that make carcinogens more powerful. a.Example: Alcohol, cigarette tarThere has been much debate as to how to prevent and predict different types of cancer including cervical cancer in women. Young age at first intercourse, high number of sexual partners, high parity, cigarette smoking, race, and low socioeconomic status have consistently emerged as significant risk factors for cervical cancer.3-5 These, however, are linked to sexual behavior and the acquisition of HPV, and, except for smoking, none have consistently been shown to be significant independent risk factors.There has been considerable controversy regarding the association between oral contraceptives and cervical cancer.6,7,8 While E6 and E7 HPV oncogene expression can be potentiated by estrogen in laboratory experiments,6-9 few epidemiologic studies of oral contraceptive use and cervical cancer have been able to control for the fact that women using oral contraceptives tend not to use barrier contraceptives and may have more sexual contacts.A common practice pattern among some clinicians has been to stop oral contraceptives when an abnormal Pap result is reported. This practice can result in unplanned pregnancy just as the patient presents for diagnostic evaluation and management. The instruction to discontinue oral contraceptives also ignores the current understanding of the epidemiology and natural history of the disease.Cigarette smoking (even passive smoke) has been linked to an increased risk of cervical cancer.10-13 Interestingly, any observed effect appears to be linked to squamo...
