ders repertoire of tools, it should be used carefully due to its high cost on the human spirit. Negative leaders act domineering and superior with people. They believe the only way to get things done is through penalties, such loss of job, days off without pay, and reprimand in front of others. They believe their authority is increased by freighting everyone into higher levels of productivity.Leaders are not strictly one or another, but are somewhere on a continuum ranging from extremely positive to extremely negative. Leaders who continuously work out of the negative are bosses while those who primarily work out of the positive are real leaders.Leader Use of Consideration and StructureTwo other styles that leaders use are:Consideration (employee orientation) Leaders are concerned about the human needs or their employees. They build teamwork, help employees with their problems, and provide psychological support.Structure (task orientation) Leaders believe that they get results by consistently keeping people busy and urging them to produce.There is evidence that leaders who are considerate in their leadership style are higher performers and are more satisfied with their jobs. Consideration and structure are independent of each other so they should not be viewed on opposite ends of the continuum. For example, a leader who becomes more considerate does not necessarily become less structured.Emerging Approaches to LeadershipOne of the two emerging approaches to leadership is the charismatic leadership theory. This type of leadership theory takes a more practical view of leadership than previous theories have. It looks at leadership from the way the average person does.Charismatic Leadership TheoryCharismatic leadership theory states that followers make attributions of heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviors. There are several key characteristics that appear to differentiate charismatic leader...
