serving in office. He also permitted the destruction of their synagogues if it served some religious purpose. (A Calendar of Jewish Persecution). The next major event of Jewish persecution was the Crusades. Beginning in the late 11th century and early 12th century, Germans persecuted Jews, Muslims, and other religions because of their beliefs. The Germans accused the Jews of killing Jesus Christ. Over 12,000 Jews were killed in Germany during the First Crusade. The mid-1100's marked the beginning of the Second Crusade, when the Germans persecuted the Jews again. However, the Second Crusade was not as bad as the first, since much less Jews were killed. (A Calendar of Jewish Persecution). During the next 500 years, Jewish persecutions occurred often. King Philip banished Jews from France for seven years in 1181. Edward I banished Jews from England in 1290. King Philip the Fair banished Jews from France in 1306. Five thousand Jews were burned at the stake in France because they were accused of poisoning wells and fountains. In 1394, Jews were banished from France again. The Spanish Inquisition was directed against Jews in 1478; and Spain banished Jews in 1492. In 1516, the first Jewish ghetto was established in Venice, Italy. This was a part of a city where Jews would be moved to keep them away from the normal population. (A Calendar of Jewish Persecution). Most early anti-Semitism occurred because of religious conflicts. However, the 18th and 19th centuries marked the beginning of what is called "Modern" anti-Semitism. Modern anti-Semitism differs from older anti-Semitism because it is not only based on religion, but also race and other stereotypes about how Jews look and act (Modern Anti-Semitism). Modern anti-Semitism marked a great increase in anti-Semitism with the creation of Nazism and the Holocaust (A Summary of Anti-Semitism). Beginning in 1794 and continuing into the 1900's, Jews were banished from Russia. Frequent massacres too...
