to produce a plethora of new drugs and engineered products. The first research plan set goals for the five years. It was supposed to be a fifteen-year project but because of the progress made, a new plan was created. Polymerase chain reaction Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique, which copies of a region of DNA, in order to produce enough DNA to be manipulated. This technique can be used to identify disease-causing microbes. (Kimball)DNA Microarray TechnologyMicroarray technology, is a new microchip technology, it is used to determine which genes are expressed in a particular cell. (Kimball) A microarray is actually a slide on microscope where DNA molecules are placed; these molecules contain genes. RNA is the working copies of genes within cells; this indicated which genes are being used. The RNA is then dyed so they can be seen, then added to the DNA on the microarray. The DNA structure has a important feature called base pairing. Watson and Crick discovered this when he found out that the percentage of adenine in DNA usually equals the percentage of thymine. (Kimball) And the percentage of guanine equals the percentage of cytosine. (Kimball) An X-ray showed how adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine are linked. The two chains of a DNA polymer link them and they are arranged like a spiral. Because of this, RNA sticks to the gene it came from; RNA that has not bonded with any base pairs is removed. After this, scientists look at the microarray under a microscope and to see which RNA is attached to the DNA. Since they know what each gene spot represents, it can be determined which genes are turned into cells. Because this technique determines which genes are turned on or off, disease causing genes are discovered. Artificial OrgansScientists are developing artificial organs, growing skin and other many of parts of the body in laboratories. Actually there are twenty-three major organs which scientists are trying to either ...
