of heat; the impermeable and well-drained surface is less moist, and so less heat is lost through evaporation; and the structures and surfaces typical of the city absorb and retain heat at high rates. This increased heat may in turn result in fog, storms, precipitation induced by convective heating and pollution condensation. On a larger regional level, the distribution of species will be affected by climatic change, which is likely to have widespread consequences for human life. Agricultural pests will be displaced, and the incidence of disease vectors through the spread of malaria carrying mosquitoes, for instance, will affect the health and well being of human populations. Mannion makes the observation that areas of high altitude are those which have been most directly affected by the advance and retreat of glaciers and ice caps. Indeed, the Arctic and Antarctic zones are currently experiencing glaciations, and it is from these areas that much can be learned about glaciations. Many others share this posit that higher altitude will be more affected, but how much more remains the question. In sum, it must be said that the diversity of the earths surface translates into a diversity of physical impacts of global changes, different social impacts even of similar physical ones, different expectations of their impactswhich , of course, have often been wide of the markand different costs that any globally uniform change in behaviour would incur. Based on this observation, it is quite likely that landlocked countries have nothing to fear in terms of rising sea levels, and areas that have traditionally experienced poor levels of rainfall may actually benefit from increased precipitation. Canada, however, as a nation that is very dependent on agriculture, forestry, and fisheriesand thus more dependent on climatic conditionswill likely be quite vulnerable to any climatic shifts. In general, however, it can be said that climate chan...
