ive model of understanding with remarks on managerial implications. Some of her arguments include the three broad grouping of the foreign entry modes that should not have any other classification, unless it has similar meanings such that quoted by some reference; and the five key characteristics of the entry modes that is similarly supported by other authors such as Agarwal and Ramaswami 1992; Anderson and Gatignon 1986; Douglas and Craig 1989; and etc. 4.0 Methods and evidence supporting the author's viewpoints Driscoll’s methods and evidence is based on the centralized theory of the framework of entry modes choices. The following are the various methods used and supporting evidence in the framework model. 4.1 Modes of entry to international markets According to Driscoll, there are 3 main foreign market entry methods; namely export, contractual and investment modes, which is supported also by other authors like Anderson and Gatignon's (1986), Root's (1987) and Young's (1989). These three methods encompass a broad area for a firm that is planning to enter into foreign market. As Driscoll explains, export modes can include either a direct export from its local market to the foreign market or an indirect involvement through an appointed trading house. Then, in a contractual entry mode, a firm can arrange various methods such as licensing, franchising, turnkey projects, non-equity joint ventures and etc. to tap into its international market. In general, this method reduces the level of equity investment and direct participation by the firm. However, some evidence that Driscoll related, such that for franchising, where Burton and Cross (1995) argued that there are possibilities of higher level international involvement and equity investment by the firm. Then, investment modes are methods used for some form of ownership by the firm in the foreign market. For instance, the investments may involve acquisition, merger or greenfield strate...
