ecisions based upon abstract moral standards. Gilligan argues the concept of adulthood is based on gender and mainly male. The number of mothers entering the labour force is increasing every year and much more mothers with preschool children. This is effecting the maternal employment of which parents can make responsible and informed decisions about the timing and nature of their employment. In this research on chidren's responses to maternal employment it includes: general mental health, social adjustment, cognitive ability, and achievement motivaton. Lois Hoffman summarizes the research on school - age children using five hypotheses: (1) that working mothers provide different role models than nonworking mothers; (2) that employment affects the mother's emotional state; (3) that different situational demands and emotional states of the working mother affect child rearing; (4) that working mothers give less supervision than nonworking mothers; (5) that the working mother's absence leads to emotional and cognitive deprivation in the child. Self - perception and self - esteem among women who work has been a focus of research. The high rate of depression among full - time homemakers perceive themselves powerless and isolated (O'Barr 27). Heidi Hartmann refers to patriarchy and class society, this theory is called the dual systems. They two are relatively independent power systems that are integrated and mutually influence each other. Hartman summarizes her definition of patriarchy as: a set of social relations between men, which have a material base, and which, though hierarchical, establish or create interdependence and solidarity among men that enable them to dominate women. The material base upon which patriarchy rests lies most fundamentally in me...
