increases the experience, salience, andemotional urgency of national identification by mobilizing people to engagein heroism, sacrifice, and hardship in the name of protecting or promotingthe integrity of the national group. Increased national sentiment, in turn,emotionally inspires and motivates civic participation geared towardsensuring and policing conformity to broadly shared conceptions of the nation. (1b) To suggest that conceptions of the nation might be broadlyshared does not mean that the meaning of nationalism is, however, unanimousor even consensual. Nationalism to some extent is always contested andexclusionary because national identification, by definition, implies abounded group of people that share certain alleged characteristics andhistorical destinies that are separate from other groups or nationalcommunities. In order to create, shape, and enforce the social boundariesthat define the nation, those groups and individuals who are perceived asoutside these national boundaries tend to be excluded from civicparticipation on equal terms. They also quite likely will be repressed duringwartime, as social demands for conformity and unity are often generated tocope with the wartime threats to national integrity and safety. In sum, increased nationalism logically implies both greatercivic participation among those who identify and come to identify with thenation, and heightened civic intolerance against those who are perceived tofall outside the prevailing social boundaries that define the nation. (2a) In addition, war potentially restructures the relationshipbetween the state and civil society. Mass war upsets prevailing social roles,patterns, and routines through the mobilization process that demandswidespread sacrifice and dislocation. Given that the state is the chief agentof wartime mobilization, and that the principal strains, stresses, hardships,and sacrifices of war are made in th...
