be predictable and therefore operations can’t run at full efficiency. When drastic changes occur, the Apollo manager will set “up a lot of cross-functional liaison groups in an attempt to hold the structure together.” (Handy 19) If this fails then the management will fall. Managers, therefore, who fall under this style are very closed minded and unimaginative. Life insurance companies, civil services, state industries, and local government are examples of these types of organizations The Athena manager takes a very different approach to management. They are concerned with “the continuous and successful solution of problems.” (Handy 21) First they define the problem, then allocate the appropriate resources to the solution. They give the ‘go-ahead’ and then waits for the solution. Athena managers judge performance based on results, or solved problems. The symbol for this task culture is the net. “Power lies at the interstices of the net, not at the top, as in the Apollo culture, or at the center, as in Zeus organizations.” The Athena style concerns itself with having a network of loosely linked units (groups), each “being largely self-contained but having a specific responsibility” (Handy 21) within the organization. Athena was the warrior goddess, arch problem solver of craftsmen and pioneering captains. Expertise is the only base of power or influence. Managers look for talent, creativity, a fresh approach, and intuition when hiring. The Athena manager incorporates a sense of enthusiasm and joint commitment when motivating his employees. The managerial style is one of “mutual respect and a desire to help rather than exploit when others get into difficulties” (Handy 22), and they believe in teams and teamwork. Consultancy companies, research and development departments, and advertising agencies are examples, which incorporate this type of culture/style. And la...
