heorists of management philosophies are placed throughout these categories and will be mentioned in this paper. We will now briefly consider in rough chronological order each of these key management ideas. Bureaucracy Weber’s theory of bureaucracy is often presented alongside the works of Fayol and Urwick who, discuss administrative management. We will go into more depth with them later. Weber’s main interest was in the process of social change and in the effect of rationality on religious thought and capitalism. The key to bureaucracy is authority. From a historical perspective authority is based on the belief in the sacred or the extraordinary characteristics of the person giving the orders (e.g. Christ). In a more traditional form, authority was established through the belief that the person giving the orders had done so through tradition (e.g. King or Duke). Finally, the legal form of authority implied that the person giving the orders was acting in accordance with or under established rules or laws. The Weberian model of bureaucracy offers a stable and predictable world that provides the blueprint for rationally designed structures in which rational individuals carry out their prescribed actions and tasks. The bureaucratic form of the organization posses specific features such as specialization, hierarchy, rules, impersonality, full time officials, career focus, and a split between public and private activity. Bureaucracy exists in its purest form in public organizations such as the government. This can be accounted for by the statement that the larger an enterprise is, the more complicated it becomes. Although one of the oldest management ideas, the appeal of bureaucracy to certain managers is still present today. Scientific Management The next popular management style to be discussed is scientific management. This focused upon the shop floor and upon the techniques that could be used to maximize productivity of worker...
