osely associated with this system of management is Henry Fayol. He believed that the techniques of successful management could be described and taught and that managerial organization was as valid an area of study as worker organization. He sought to discover a set of principles, which would enable a manager to build up the formal structure of a firm and to administer it in a rational way. Those who followed Fayol took these concepts, refined them, added to them, and often stressed a particular part of them. Mooney and Riley for example, emphasized the co-ordinative principle seeing it as the central point. Other classical writers such as Gulick and Urwick developed the notion of rationalizing the work process by bringing it together in as centralized an area as possible. Administrative management has received extensive critical analysis, nevertheless, the majority of practices recommended by this system continue to be the central way in which modern firms are organized. Administrative management is not a historical fossil but continues to represent a major model for the design of large, highly integrated organizations of today. Human Relations Human relations arose from the American wish to humanize their society without interfering with the free operation of market forces. This idea promised a land in which everybody accepted that it was socially and economically desirable that there should be the greatest degree of competition outside the firm, but that any competitive or contentious elements within it were both socially and economically undesirable. Taylor (Scientific Management) may well have known the potential dangers for management of work groups. In place of his attempt to destroy work group solidarity, the human relations went the alternative route to attain the same goal. That goal was to control the work group by integrating it into the organization. This focus on people also meant that fundamental structure redesigns were a...
