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birth control

birth control A thin, stretchy sheath about two inches in diameter and six to eight inches long, designed to be worn over penis during sex. Condoms form a physical barrier between penis and the vagina. After ejaculation the tip of the condom holds the semen and prevents it from traveling to woman's reproductive system to fertilize the egg. Majority of condoms are made out of latex, a form of natural rubber. Condoms made of lamb intestines are often reffered to as skin or natural-membrane condoms. Lamb skin condoms are used less often due to the fact that it does not prevent transmission of STD's. Condoms come rolled up in individual packets. After the erection is complete the condom should be rolled down to the base of the penis while holding the tip of the condom. If the man is not circumcised, the foreskin should be pulled back to put the condom on. The penis should be withdrawn from the vagina immidiately after the ejaculation and the penis starts to soften. When withdrawing the penis the condom should be held by the bottom to prevent if from staying in the womans vagina. When withdrawn it should be taken off carefully, without spilling any semen. Condoms were designed to be used only once, then thrown away. If the couple want more sex new condom should be used. Used correctly, condoms are a very effective method of birth control. If latex condoms are used properly every time a couple had sex, the failure rate would be as low as three percent. Surprisingly close to that of the Pill. Average pregnancy rates are significantly higher: out of one hundred typical users, about twelve will get pregnant. Making it more effective then a diaphram. But less effective then a pill, and vastly more effective than no method at all: 85 percent of couples who use not type of contraception can expect pregnancy. Using a combination of a condom and spermicide increases its effectiveness. Condoms are available with spermicide inside the condom. Condoms are also highly effective against HIV, and other STD's like chlamydia, gonorrhea and genital warts. Condoms are not good at preventing genital herpes being that it can be transimitted through skin to skin contact. Lamb-intestine condoms have microscopic pores. Small enough to stop the sperm. But STD's are capable of passing through the pores. These condoms are effective against protection of STD's. Advantages. Condoms are pretty much available anywhere without prescription. Pharmacys have the best variety. But they are also available at conviniet stores, supermarkets, vendors, even record stores. Many companies give out condoms as samples. Condoms is one of the cheapest way to practice very safe sex. Costing at about 50 cents for one. Compared to other methods this is very cheap. Disadvantages. A condom must be used every time you have sex. It takes discipline and will to put them on during sex. Taking them off at proper time. People find it embarrassing to buy them. Men complain that condoms cut down sensations and warmth. In my opinion condoms is a great way to practice safe sex for teenagers. Being that condoms are cheap and available anywhere there should be no hassle for obtaining one. A soft natural rubber (latex) device, shaped lika shallow bowl, with a firm bendable rim. The rim is designed to fold so that the diaphragm can be slipped into the vagina. After inserted the diaphragm opens to cover the cervix. Diaphragms are designed to be used with spermicide. About a teaspoon of spermicide should be placed into the bowl of the diaghragm and also spread around the rim. Available by prescription only. Must be sized to each woman individually by a gynocologist. The diaghragm serves as a physical barrier that covers the cervix to prevent the sperm from entering the uterus and fertilizing the egg. It also holds spermicide in the bowl killing sperm if it finds a ways around the diaphragm. The diaphragm should be inserted before sex. To insert it, hold the vaginal lips open, with the other hand insert the diaphragm into the vagina. Push the front of the rim with one finger until it slips into place behind the pubic bone. When in the right place the diaphragm will be covering the cervix. After sex, the diaphragm should be left in the vagina for six hours so that the spermicide could kill the sperm. To remove, gently hook the finger on to the rim and pull it out. The diaphragm should be washed with soap and rinsed well after use. The diaphragm is good to use if it doesn't have any holes. If a hundred women use the diaghram correctly for one year, about six of those women would get pregnant. That's higher pregnancy rate then a correct use of a condom. More typically about eighteen out of hundred women become pregrant in a year of using the diaphragm. Younger women at peak of fertility are more likely to have failure of this method. Being that the eggs are healthier and easier to fertilize by the sperm. The diaphragm is only available by prescription. In order to work effectively, the diaphram must be fitted properly by a doctor or trained health professional. Costing about twently dollar for one. It can be used up to three years as long as it doesn't have any holes. As with all barrier methods, you only need to use this method when you have sex. Unlike the Pill, which you have to take every day. Studies have shown that the diaphragm plus spermicide can cut the woman's risk of sexually transmitted diseases and pelvic inflammatory disease. Diaphragm users have also been reported to have a lower risk of cervical abnormalities and cervical cancer. Spermicides have been shown to kill the germs that cause many STD's like gonorrhea, herpes, and HIV. However, large quantaties of spermicides may result in sore in the vagina, which might increase the risk of HIV. Disadvantage of the diaghragm: The diaghragm is availabe by prescription only. Some women find it hard and unconfortable to insert the diaphragm and also taking it out. Users complain the its too messy and interferes with spontaneity of sex. Also motivation plays a big role. The user has to be motivated to use the diaphragm correctly and consistently every time she has sex. There is also concern about the possibility that the diaphragm might increase a woman's risk of toxic shock syndrom. The symtoms of toxic shock include a sudden high fever, vomitting, diarrhea, faintness, and a sunburnlike rash. In my opinion the diaphragm is a good method for elderly women. Women that have stable relationships and are not sexually active with more then one person. Women that are willing to be motivated and consistant to use it. Couples who would find it hard to use the diaphragm should not use it. Younger women who are highly fertile and sexually active should not use the diaphragm. Tuban ligation is surgery done to permantly close or block off a woman's fallopian tubes so that sperm and egg can no longer meet. There are two fallopian tubes, each connecting an ovary to the uterus. After the tubes are closed off, the egg and sperm simply dissolve when they reach the blocked area of the tubes. Tubal ligation can be done in a variety of ways. There are different ways in how the doctor gets the tubes and in how the tubes are sealed closed. "Band-Aid" surgery requires only one or two small incisions in the lower abdomen. Laparoscope is inserted into the abdomen through an incision near the belly button so that the doctor can see the tubes. Harmless gas like carbon dioxide is used to separate the organs. Then the small instruments that are used to actually clasp and block the tubes are carefully inserted into the abdomen either through the same incision or through a second small incision near the pub- hair line. Minilaparotomy approach can be used either postpartum or at any time unrelated to pregnancy or delivery. In this type of surgery the doctor reaches the tubes by way of an incision in the lower abdomen, just above the pubic bone. Tubal legation is one of the most effective-if not the most effective birth control method availabe. Fewer than one woman in two hundren becomes pregnant in the first year after tubal ligation. Some failures do happen. In which the severed ends of the tubes manage to reconnect. Tubal ligation can be done in a hospital, clinic, or out-patient surgery center. Today majority of women choose anesthesia before the surgery. You can have the operation while you're in the hospital to deliver baby, or at any other time unrelated to pregnancy or delivery. Costing about two thousand dollars. Prices vary from doctor to doctor. Tubal ligation is effective immediately. As soon as the tubes are closed off, fertilization can no longer occur. You don't have to bother with birth control anymore and the side effects are minor. Tubal legation is a surgery. Therefore there are some risks involved. This method must be considered irreversible. Younger women might regret the surgery. The surgery is expensive. Tubal ligation does not provide any protection against common sexually transmitted diseases, such as herpes, chlamydia, and HIV virus. In my opinion. This method is great for women that are done with their child baring years and do not want anymore kids or accidental pregnancies. A minor surgical procedure designed to prevent sperm from getting into the semen, the fluid that is released when man ejaculates. Vasectomy involves cutting the vas deferens, the narrow tubes through which sperm travels from the testicles to the penis. Except for the absense of sperm, the semen remains exactly the same after a vasectomy. Likewise sexual desire, arousal, erections, and orgasms are not physically afected in any way by a vasectomy. The doctor can carry out the actuall procedure in once of several different ways. To reach the vas, he may make either a single small incision in the middle of the scrotum, or he may make two small incisions, one on each side. Most often a surgeon will not simply cut the vas deferens buy will remove a piece of each one, increasing the odds that the tubes will not reconnect as they heal. The man can resume to his normal activities after about two or three days. Vasectomy is extremely dependable. True failures in which the severed tubes manage to reconnect as they heal. The chances of that happening are one in two hundred. Most failures occur within the first weeks after the procedure and are due to sperm that were already in the reproductive tract. This method is available at private physicians or family clinics. Price ranges from 250-1000 dollars. After it's done, a couple doesn't have to worry about birth control. The procedure itself is very safe and simple. It is less risky then a tubal ligatation. The cost is inexpensive compared to tubal ligation. The fact that the procedure is irreversable is the biggest disadvantage. Young men should consider this step very carefully. Unlike tubal ligation, which is effective immediately, it can take months before a couple can have sex without using backup contraceptive. Like tubal ligation it provides no protection against STD's. In my opinion this method is only good for men that do not want to be the biological father of any children in the future. Men who are sensative to surgery should think hard before they proceed with this. Bibliography: Bibliography A. Samuel A. Pasquale, M.D., and Jennifer Cadoff, The Birth Control Book: A Complete Guide to Your Contraceptive Options, New York: Ballantine Books, 1996 B. Beverly Winikoff and Suzanne Wymenlenberg, The Contraceptive Handbook: a guide to safe and effective choices, New York: A Division of Consumers Union, 1992. C. "birth control." Encyclopedia Encarta, 1999 ed.

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