the basic needs of businesses. This is because businesses usually deal in whole numbers or dollar and cents data accurate to only two decimal places. These applications require simpler mathematical calculations than are needed for scientific applications (Bronson and Menconi).Teaching students the basics of programming has a unique factor that forced scientists to develop a third and forth language. Scientists designed these languages to be straightforward and easy to understand. In the 1960s, Dartmouth College developed the BASIC language. Basic is ideal for creating small, easily developed, interactive programs. The acronym BASIC stands for Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. Scientists developed Pascal in the late 1970s to provide students with a firmer foundation in modular and structured programming than could be provided by BASIC. Scientists named the Pascal language after the mathematician Blaise Pascal (Bronson and Menconi). Scientists developed the language C last. They developed this language because Pascal did not allow escape from structured modules. This was required for real-world projects. The C language can be used for creating simple, interactive programs; for producing sophisticated applications, such as designing operating systems; and for both business and scientific programming applications (Bronson and Menconi).Besides programming, other scientific fields of research and development are necessary to keep computers running and growing. Scientists spend years researching ways to advance the computer to the next level. Updating the components inside the computer one by one is one method of doing this. Scientists designed the first generation computers with vacuum tubes. These tubes required a lot of energy and produced a great deal of heat. The tubes were also required to be burning all at the same time in order for the computer to work. This caused temperature and climate related problems. One of the mos...
