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Karl Marx

Karl Marx Marx is unique from other philosophers in that he chooses to regard man as an individual, a human being. He declares that man is a "natural being" who is endowed with "natural [and] vital powers" that "exist in him as aptitudes [and] instincts." Humans simply struggle with nature for the satisfaction of man's needs. From this struggle comes man's awareness of himself as an individual and as something separate from nature. So, he seeks to oppose nature. He sees that history is just the story of man creating and re-creating himself and sees that man creates himself, and that a "god" has no part in it. Thus, the communist belief in no religion. Marx also says that the more man works as a laborer, the less he has to consume for himself because his "product and labor are estranged" from him. Marx says that because the work of the laborer is taken away and does not belong to the laborer, the laborer loses his "rightful existence" and is made alien to himself. Private property becomes a product and cause of "alienated labor" and through that, causes disharmony. "Alienated labor is seen as the consequence of market product, the division of labor, and the division of society into antagonistic classes." So, capitalism, which encourages the possession of private property, encourages alienation of man. Capitalism, which encourages the amassment of money, encourages mass production, to optimize productivity. Mass production also intensifies the alienation of labor because it encourages specialization and it makes people view the workers not as individuals but as machines to do work. It is this attitude that incites the uprisings of the lower classes against the higher classes, namely, the nobility. Regarding Marx's attitude toward religion, he thought that religion was simply a "product of man's consciousness" and that it is a reflection of the situation of a man who "either has not conquered himself or has already lost himself again." Marx sums it all up in a famous quote, stating that religion is "an opium for the people." Marx's hypothesis of historical materialism contains this maxim; that "It is not the consciousness of men which determines their existence; it is on the contrary their social existence which determines their consciousness." Marx has applied his theory of historical materialism to capitalist society in both The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital, among others. Marx never really explained his entire theory through but taking the text literally, "social reality" is arranged in this way: That underlying our society is economic structure; and that above the foundation of economy rises "legal and political...forms of social consciousness" that relate back to the economic foundation of society. An interesting mark of Marx's analysis of economy is evidenced in Das Kapital, where he "studies the economy as a whole and not in one or another of its" parts and sections. His analysis is based on the precept of man being a productive entity and that "all economic value comes from human labor." Marx speaks of capitalism as an unstable environment. He says that its development is accompanied by "increasing contradictions" and that the equilibrium of the system is precarious as it is to the internal pressures resulting from its development. Capitalism is too easy to tend to a downward spiral resulting in economic and social ruin. An example of the downward spiral in a capitalist society is inflation. Inflation involves too much currency in circulation. Because of inflation and the increase in prices of goods resulting from it, the people of the society hoard their money which, because that money is out of circulation, causes more money to be printed. The one increases the effect of the other and thus, the downward spiral. Bibliography:

Word Count: 618