except they are immaterial and indestructible (Cherniss). In view of Aristotle's conception of substance, it can be said that objects of knowledge are universals but as universals they cannot be separate substances. Also, there must be eternal substances but as substances they cannot be universals (Cherniss).Topic #3: Universe as Two RealitiesPlato proposes that there is a world of Forms, which is over and beyond the sensible world. The world of Forms is nonphysical, nonspatial, and nontemporal and this world is referred to as the 'world of ideai', which is where Ideas are Forms is interpreted (Jones 123). Plato's claim is that there is a physical world in which "everything is changing and nothing is ever exactly what it is; it is always becoming something different." Also, there is a 'world of forms' in which "everything is always what it is and not another thing" (Jones 126). In The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, there was an article title "Universals", which discussed several renowned philosophers' view on the idea of universals. The beginning consisted of Plato's view in that Forms, as universals, exist separately from particulars and the particulars model the Forms. Instead of using 'Forms' as universals, Locke thought of universals as images in the mind while Berkeley considered them as particular ideas. Aristotle claimed that universals only became present through experience and present in the particular things; therefore, being not Forms. Aristotle proposed that universals exist "independently of human thought but not in their own spiritual realm" (1). St. Augustine sides with Plato on account of the universals because he believed Aristotle's account places us, as human beings, on the same level as animals.Aristotle rejected Plato's separation of the universe into two worlds. He claimed that there was only one world, a world of actual things (Jones). In Jones' History of Western Philosophy, Plato considered F...
