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Yet, unlike today, thinking attracted a minor concern at that time as communities used to enjoyed more stability where problem solving as well as decision-making used to depend on religious beliefs and moral ideals. Today communities do not enjoy that kind of stability due to changes which have occurred as a result of technology and social aspirations which have accelerated those changes. In the modern complicated structured communities where habits and traditions are insufficient, there was a need for new methods of thinking. -Byer, K. B. : practical stratigies for the teaching of thinking, United states, 1987 Pp. 1-9 -De Bono, E. : Teaching Thinking, 1st Edition, European Services* Ltd England-1976-Pp. 31-46 هاتان الفقرتان تمت كتابتهما بعد قراءة المرجعين السابقين، أي أن الباحث(أبو جمال) قام بالتعبير عن ما قرأه في المرجعين وذلك بلغته الخاصة "Information explosion" was one of the major changes in the modern life. The bulk of information derived from different know-how sources increased and went out of control leaving just a slight part of knowledge to Man. Hence, efforts were dedicated to defend thinking as being a very vital tool of Knowledge. Nowadays, the educational process is no more limited to providing students with different fields of knowledge and common facts. That process went far to develop their thinking capabilities and to enable them to tackle the increasing number of information, which intensively flow day after day. -Byer, K. B. : practical stratigies for the teaching of thinking, United states, 1987 Pp. 1-9 الفقرتان السابقتان تمت كتابتهما حرفيا من المرجع المذكور There is much more individuality in thinking styles and sufficient differences between individuals to suggest that thinking may be a skill about which something can be done. هذه الفقرة تمت كتابتها حرفيا من المرجع المذكور The division into three different sorts of thinking(Insight Thinking, Sequential Thinking, Strategic Thinking)is by no means a rigid one. The sections overlap to some extent and particulars processes may be found under different headings. The basic processes of thinking are common to all sections but certain aspects of thinking are brought out in one section more than in another. The headings are only descriptive of this different emphasis and are not instructions on how to tackle the section. INSIGHT THINKING: The steps leading up to the solution are not all apparent. The solution seems to come about by virtue of a sudden jump in thinking. It is more a matter of finding the right approach than of care in pursuing an approach. SEQUNTIAL THINKING: The solution follows a progressive sequence of steps (modification, improvement, mistakes, new ideas, etc.). The sequence need not to be a logical sequence; nevertheless, the steps occur one after another. STRATEGIES THINKING: This is concerned with the choice of the most appropriate steps out of a multitude of possible steps. The search is not for a definite solution but for a policy of behavior that is more effective than others. . هذه الفقرة تمت كتابتها حرفيا من المرجع المذكور Insight problems may, of course, be solved by sequential processes just as sequential problems may be solved in an insight fashion. Both processes may be used in strategic thinking.( (the five day course –Pp.11) هذه الفقرة تمت كتابتها حرفيا من المرجع المذكور Thinking is a term we often use but rarely define precisely. Definitions of the verb to think range across a broad array of mental functions from reflection, meditation, and cogitation (suggesting passive reception) to mental actins such as conceptualization and problem solving( implying an active approach). For the purposes of this discussion, thinking is regarded as an active process involving a number of denotable mental operations such as induction, deduction, reasoning, sequencing, classification and definition of relationships. Each of these processes can function separately or in combination to meet environmental demands such as problems finding and problem solving. .(a constructivist perspective for teaching thinking- Irving e. Sigel -educational leadership-november-1984) هذه الفقرة تمت كتابتها حرفيا من المرجع المذكور One major criticism of the early work in thinking is methodological. The method of the introspection is a very difficult one since the experimenter must rely on the subject’s self-report. It fits the requirements of science only if we assume that the data are the subjects’reports rather than the subjects’ experiences: the reports are observable for all to see and hear, but the experiences are not. The real problem is that these reports may not have much to do with the actual mental processes involved; that is, subjects may not be able to report on their own cognitive experiences accurately. Since the days of the early twentieth century, many clever methods have been developed to study thinking. In addition, the method of introspection has been ingeniously used and refined in recent work on computer stimulation in an attempt to program computers to behave the way humans do during problem solving. A second criticisim of the early work in thinking is theoretical. The associationist theory of the philosophers was inconsistent with some of the findings of the Wurzburg group, but the early psychologists proposed no real alternative and Selz’ theory was vague. The clash between the associationist theory and the pre-Gestalt work of Selz is still far from resolved, although many current theories such as information processing may be seen as compromises. Finally, we are left with the question of legitimacy. Although there is currently a renewed interest in cognitive psychology, some question of the place of thinking and complex learning in psychology remains. Ultimately, the question of whether we can find out how the human mind works will be answered in the laboratory. .(a constructivist perspective for teaching thinking- Irving e. Sigel -educational leadership-november-1984) هذه الفقرة تمت كتابتها حرفيا من المرجع المذكور Since ages, several studies were conducted about thinking. The introspection method was the first kind of these studies which were concerned with the human thinking processes. Long before psychology was known as a field of science, people used to resort to the introspection method in an attempt to understand themselves. By the beginning of the twentieth century, this method was moved to the lab and applied to study the human thinking. Bibliography: being. Like walking, thinking is a natural action we perform permanently. Because it is a vital process that every body needs, thinking became the subject of discussion for ages. Since the Greek philosophers until today no unanimous agreement was made about how we think and how the human brain works. Yet, unlike today, thinking attracted a minor concern at that time as communities used to enjoyed more stability where problem solving as well as decision-making used to depend on religious beliefs and moral ideals. Today communities do not enjoy that kind of stability due to changes which have occurred as a result of technology and social aspirations which have accelerated those changes. In the modern complicated structured communities where habits and traditions are insufficient, there was a need for new methods of thinking. -Byer, K. B. : practical stratigies for the teaching of thinking, United states, 1987 Pp. 1-9 -De Bono, E. : Teaching Thinking, 1st Edition, European Services Word Count: 1078
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