city until 1952. The committee did more than just give technical advice; it had great influence on the policy of the commission. Oppenheimer's role on the committee was to clarify and formulate ideas. He served on numerous committees concerned with policy questions relating to atomic weapons and defense. Oppenheimer's loyalty to the United States was called into question before the Gray Board in April of 1954. There were allegations that he was a communist because of his activities in the 1930s. In actuality, he was being questioned because he lacked enthusiasm for the development of the hydrogen bomb. It must be remembered that these allegations were made during the time of hysterical fear of communists in the Joseph McCarthy era. Further, Oppenheimer had many enemies who were delighted at this opportunity to curb his influence. Some of these enemies were people that he had bested in scientific debates, and others were people interested in military policy who feared his influence. As a result of the Gary Board hearings, Oppenheimer lost his security clearance. In 1963, however, Oppenheimer was vindicated when he received the prestigious Enrico Fermi Award, the highest prize awarded by the Atomic Energy Commission, conferred by President Johnson. Oppenheimer replied to President Johnson after receiving the award, "I think it is just possible...that it has taken some charity and some courage for you to make this award today" ...
