ly increase the chance of a miscarriage. Tests in utero for identifying Down syndrome include amniocentesis, which is a needle inserted into the uterus and a sample of the amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus is taken out. Usually used within 14-16 week of pregnancy. This test is 99% accurate, but carries a 0.5 percent chance of miscarriage. Chorionic villus sampling (C.V.S.) is used by taking cells from the placenta through the mother's abdominal wall or cervix. Performed between tenth and twelfth week of pregnancy, this test is 98 percent accurate and carries a risk of limb deformities and a one to two percent chance of a miscarriage. Karyotyping can be used through the process in which a picture of chromosomal patterns is prepared (Genetic Disorders.p5). An ultrasound can identify any traits a fetus has such as shortened thighbones or gastrointestinal blockage that can be associated with Down syndrome, but not as accurate to be used as a substitute for C.V.S. or amniocentesis in detecting Down syndrome. Before the 1970's Down syndrome wasn't diagnosed until birth or even later, but due to such early diagnosing and screening this has posed a major dilemma for families and physicians. It allows parents to decide whether or not the pregnancy should be terminated (exceptional child book p176).The physical description of a child with Down syndrome is that they have distinct facial appearance; small round head, with high-flattened forehead, upward slanting eyes dry lips and tongue, and a short stature (Genetic Disorders.p20). Other complications include almost half of children with Down syndrome have congenital heart defects, also a risk for developing gastrointestinal complications, thyroid problems (Encarta.p3), hearing loss and impaired vision and tend to develop leukemia. Children with Down syndrome can have mental delays, under developed digestive system, and low muscle tone. Intelligence quotient usually ranges between 20 and 60, ...
