rization of the clitoris, and scraping or introduction of corrosive substances into the vagina all fall under Type IV FGM as well. Around 85% of genital mutilations performed in Africa consist of clitoridectomy or excision, while the least radical procedure consists of the removal of the clitoral hood. A list of African countries and type of procedure dominant in each country is included for reference. Part II: Procedures, Consequences, & LegislationSome girls undergo this type of mutilation alone, but more often, undergone as a group. For example, sisters, other close female relatives, or neighbors might be included all at once. The procedure may be carried out in the girls home, the home of a relative of neighbor, in a health center, or sometimes at specially designated sites, such as a tree or a river. It is performed in these unsterile surroundings with the girl forcibly restrained. It is carried out with instruments such as broken glass, tin lids, scissors, rusted razor blades, etc. In a more modernized society, or in a wealthier tribe or environment, the procedure may take place in a hospital under local or general anesthetic. Generally, the procedure is performed between the ages of two and fifteen by an older tribe leader (a women), a traditional midwife or healer, a barber, and in those few instances, by a qualified medic. Usually, pastes containing herbs, milk, eggs, ashes or dung are applied to facilitate healing. Its consequences are not only instant but everlasting. The effects can lead to death. At the time the procedure is carried out, enormous pain, shock, hemorrhage and damage to the organs surrounding the clitoris and labia can occur, not to mention the profound amount of blood lost. Infections develop and risks of acquiring the HIV virus increase due to the same instruments being used on several girls. Long term effects can include chronic urinary tract infections, stones in the bladder and urethra, kid...
