tioning. It is based on a simple concept called reinforcement. This is a process that a particular response will occur again when that response is followed by a certain stimulus. Albert Bandura believes that developmental change occurs largely through observational learning. He views the child as a highly active participant in the social and cognitive learning interactions that are responsible for developmental change. Sigmund Freud developed the theory that the social self develops primarily in the family, and the infant is gradually forced to control its biological stimulation, warmth, and sleep. He states a child’s development is thought to occur in a series of stages. They experience unconscious conflicts that must be resolved to some degree before going on to the next stage. Freud and Erikson explained the psycho dynamic theory as behaviors in terms of the emotional relationship that precede it in early childhood. Freud emphasized the emotional hardship of preschoolers’ disappointment and their consequent repression of their magical wishes towards their parents. Erikson agreed with Freud’s account up to this point, but he went beyond it to stress not only the defensive, negative functions of skills, but its positive functions as well. According to Erikson, children respond to their romantic feeling toward their parents not only by repressing them but also trying consciously to become more like their parents and more like adults in general. The theories of these great psychologist help us understand and actively participate in our own development. They can broaden and deepen our understanding of ourselves, the factors influencing our development and the choices we have. Theories stimulate new thinking and research and guides parents and professionals in their everyday experiences with children. ...
