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Back to Subjects - Psychology

horney

horney Karen Horney was born September 16, 1885, to Clotilde and Berndt Wackels Danielson. Her father was a ship's captain, a religious man, and an authoritarian. Her mother, who was known as Sonni, was a very different person -- Berndt's second wife, 19 years his junior, and considerably more urbane. Horney's childhood was one of some distress. She felt like her father loved and respected her brother much more than he did of her. Yet he would take her on sea trips with him, and would buy gifts for her. She distanced her self from her father, and grew to recent him. She turned to her mother who gave her the love and respect that she desired. At the age of nine, she became ambitious and even rebellious. She had a very strong view of the world. That she couldn't make something of herself and do things that she loves by being pretty. During this time, she developed something of a crush on her own brother. Making her feelings known to him embarrassed him and pushed Karen away, these feelings of inadequacy could of lead to her first episode of depression. Depression would invade the rest of her life. In 1906, she entered medical school, against her parents' wishes as well as the opinions of polite society of the time. She met a law student named Oscar Horney, whom she married in 1909. She later had three daughters by him. She had married a man not unlike her father: Oscar was an authoritarian as harsh with his children just like Karen's father was with her. She did not stop her husband from making the same mistakes as her father but felt that it was good for her children. She later realizes that it was not such a good idea, and her beliefs on how to raise children changed. Karen and her daughters moved out of Oskar's house in 1926 and, four years later, moved to Brooklyn. There she meets Erich Fromm whom she had an affair with and Harry Stack Sullivan. This is where she developed her theories about neurosis. Her most famous theory is womb envy, which is a spin-off with a twist of Sigmund Freud's penis envy. This theory hypothesizes that men are jealous because they cannot produce off spring internally. This jealousy leads to man's desire to treat women as second-class citizens. To keep them down so they can't rise and have power both internally and externally. She investigated neurotic needs, and came up with three coping strategies, compliance, aggression, and withdrawal. Another theory was what she called the "basic evil," or parental indifference, a lack of warmth and affection in childhood. Even occasional beatings or an early sexual experience can be overcome, if the child feels wanted and loved. Horney came up with human traits that indispensable to human development, although they are undesirable they are related to the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. These traits are as follows. Aggression is the trait that is the most familiar to us. Individuals having the trait are continually competing with each other on a scale of dominance and submission. The trait corresponds to a striving for ~power~ over one's environment. In a pejorative connotation the trait of aggression may reveal itself in the context of sadism or masochism. Its hallmark is the "flight or fight" response, or the aggressive-vindictive rage. During the expression of this rage blood drains from the skin, and the facial complexion will tend toward pallor in individuals of light skin color. Narcissism is not so well known to us. Stereotypic acts associated with the trait include flaunting body posturing, expansive arm gestures, bowing, colorful self-adornment, and a natural attraction to the limelight of personal recognition. The trait corresponds to a striving for ~glory~ in one's environment. In a pejorative connotation the trait of narcissism may reveal itself in the context of conceit, exhibitionism, vanity and messianism. Hallmarks of the trait include blushing, flushing and the narcissistic rage of defense and withdrawal. During the expression of this rage the facial complexion becomes flushed or florid. Lastly, perfectionism, it's a mediator of the drives of aggression and narcissism. Acts associated with the trait are obsessive ness, compulsiveness, repetition, and the maintenance of neatness, order and symmetry. A clue to the nature of the trait lies in the compulsive, repetitive mannerisms of autistic children and some adult schizophrenic individuals. (Benis 1985) Horney has done accomplished many things in her life. She was an instructor at the Institute for Psychoanalysis in Berlin from 1920 to 1932, when she immigrated to the U.S. After serving as associate director of the Chicago Institute for Psychoanalysis for two years, she taught at the New York Psychoanalytic Institute from 1934 to 1941. She became dean of the American Institute for Psychoanalysis, which she helped to found, in 1941 and a professor at New York Medical College in 1942. Her publications are as follows, The Neurotic Personality of Our Time, New Ways in Psychoanalysis, Self-Analysis, Our Inner Conflicts, Are You Considering Psychoanalysis, Neurosis and human Growth: The Struggle Toward Self-Realization, Feminine Psychology, and Final Lectures on Psychoanalytic Technique. Bibliography:

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