increased pulse rate. As seen in Table IV, various drugs exhibit various responses on the heart as compared to its normal state. DISCUSSIONIn this broad based study, cardiac physiology was affected by various elements. Altered stated were compared to normal states and vice versa. In the ECG reading, a P, Cardiac Physiology 8QRS, and T wave were visibly present. The P wave was caused by the contraction and depolarization of the atria. When the ventricles depolarized and contracted, this produced the QRS wave. The final wave exhibited was the T wave. This was the result of the relaxation of ventricles and also of their repolarization. Even though the frogs ECG is different from the humans, drugs (for the most part) exhibit similar effects. Calcium and digitalis slowed the heart rate considerably. This was due to the increased uptake of calcium these two drugs provided. The calcium ions did this by decreasing the overall cardiac rate. Digitalis inhibited the Na/K pump that in turn increased the uptake of calcium. This also caused an efflux of potassium. Concurrently, when potassium is added to the heart extracellularly its concentration is greatly increased thereby slowing the heart rate. As a result of calcium and digitalis exhibiting the same effect, their ECGs are very similar. Without proper measuring devices, one could easily mistake one for the other. Although potassium does slow the heart like calcium and digitalis, its ECG is clearly different. It produces no visible waves except for two hump-like waves. Pilocarpine and atropine caused a complete opposite effect compared to each other. They did this by the different utilization of acetylcholine (Ach). Pilocarpine facilitates the release of ACh while atropine blocks AChs receptors. This explains why atropine increases heart rate and pilocarpine decrease heart rate. Their ECG illustrates this in relation to their QRS wave. Pilocarpines QRS wave is broad...
