aguio to be able to find out what social variables cause male homosexuality. The results of her study lead her to claim that "the strongest deterrent against homosexuality are cumulative and strong masculine influences on the boy at an early age." Taking into account that the father is the main masculine influence on the boy that the latter imitates and identifies himself with, it can be deduced that father absence, physical or more commonly, psychological, is the strongest factor that may cause male homosexuality. Although others may oppose that the father is not the only major masculine influence on the boy, as have earlier been mentioned, gender identification, which requires same-sex parent attachment and nurturance, is very crucial in the sex role development of the son and a deficit on which would gravely affect the son's sexual orientation and identity.A study directed by Milagros Du-Lagrosa also provides explanation on this matter. Her findings show a considerable difference between the masculinity adjustment of teenage boys in father-absent homes and in father-present homes. The test she employed, which measured the sex role preference of the respondents of both groups, showed results that the boys are feminine. The non-difference is because the psychological aspect of paternal absence has not been considered. However, looking at the psychological aspect of the fathers, father-present boys have a considerable edge in their masculinity development. A good explanation for this is that father's physical presence indicates paternal nurturance and availability to serve as the son's model of manhood. However, a father who is physically present but is handicapped in his psychological functioning would make the boy suffer from the lack of a masculine figure to identify himself with.Lagrosa also explained that extensive research efforts identified three paternally related factors essential in the masculine development pr...
