high-tide* rocky/cliffed coasts:* wave-cut cliff- coastal cliff cut by waves* wave-cut bench- platform cut across bedrock by surf* sea caves, arches, and stacks- differential erosional features* factors affecting the shore profile:* constructive forces- deposition of sediment* deconstructive forces- erosion, creation, transport of sedimentCoasts: Deposits and Landforms* marine deltas- prograded coastline due to river sediment* spits- elongated ridge of sediment that extends from land-tombolos if connecting* beach ridges- old berms* barrier islands- islandlying offshore and parallel to coast* lagoon- bay inshore from a barrier island* organic reefs and atolls: stages of reef development on submerging volcanic is.* fringing reef- reef built along the coast* barrier reef- reef separated from the coast by a lagoon* atoll- circular reef enclosing a shallow lagoonTypes of Coasts* rugged, mountainous- due to deformation at plate margins (Pacific)* low relief- due to techtonically passive, interplate reggion (Atlantic)* embayed rocky- due to glaciation and changing sea level (Europe)* complex- due to differential erosion of various rock types* change in sea level:* submergence- rise in water level relative to the land (interglacial per)* estuaries- submerged former river valleys* emergence- lowering of water relative to the land (glacial per)* coastal terracesCoastal Hazards* storms- increased wave energy and erosion* tsunamis- sea wave caused by earthquake, landslide, or volcanic eruption* landslides- along cliffed shorelinesProtection Against Shoreline Erosion* protection of sea cliffs- addition of armor (rocks or walls)* protection of beaches* breakwater- offshore barrier* groin- low wall built out into the water at a right angle to the shoreline* artificial nourishment- additional sand brought in* effects of human interference- loss of beaches and coastal environment due to depletion of sediment blocked by dams and flood controls...
